A number of mental processes including needs, beliefs, and intentions are involved in determining a person's form of mental procedures. (Mayer, 2005) backed that the way in which psychological functioning is personified in terms of one's observable societal conduct can be conveyed by personality. Correspondingly personality is clearly a multifaceted system and can be conceptualized at many different levels of analysis (John, Robin, & Pervin, 2008). (Allport G. , 1937) stated that, “The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” whereas (Cattell, 1965) suggested that, “Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” Personality attribute in terms of Type A/B behavior pattern is demarcated as how people react when confront the stressful threats and challenges in daily life activities (Ivancevich & Matteson, 1984).

Although there are numerous diverse concepts of personality, the first stage is to comprehend precisely what is meant by the term personality. The term personality itself twigs from the Latin word persona, which talks about a dramaturgical mask work by entertainers in order to either project different characters or camouflage their individualities.A number of mental processes including needs, beliefs, and intentions are involved in determining a person's form of mental procedures.A transitory description would be that personality is fabricated of the characteristic patterns of feelings, state of mind and actions that make a person irreplaceable.(Mayer, 2005) supported that the way in which psychological functioning is personified in terms of one's observable societal conduct can be conveyed by personality. Correspondingly personality is clearly a multifaceted system and can be conceptualized at many different levels of analysis (John, Robin, & Pervin, 2008). (Allport G. , 1937) stated that, “The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” whereas (Cattell, 1965) suggested that, “Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One understands individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other understands how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. (Kzadin). According to (Funder, 1997) “Personality refers to individuals' characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms -- hidden or not -- behind those patterns. This definition means that among their colleagues in other subfields of psychology, those psychologists who study personality have a unique mandate: to explain whole persons” whereas (Feist & Feist, 2009) said that, “Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior.” This personality could also be divided into two types. Personality attribute in terms of Type A/B behavior pattern is demarcated as how people react when confront the stressful threats and challenges in daily life activities (Ivancevich & Matteson, 1984).

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The personality type theory is based on the behavioral pattern portrayed by an individual. Personality types classify people broadly according to their behavioral traits, attitudes, preferences, way of life, etc. According to one of these personality theories, people are categorized as Type A and Type B. (Pandit, 2012). Individual falling in Type A pattern exhibit emotions like unfriendliness and annoyance. Type A individuals experience strong tension in surroundings where pressure is high, but they correspondingly look for these surroundings; it can be supposed that they are habituated to such surroundings. (Burson & Matthews, 1981) studied that if Type A are exposed to repeated failure, they tend to exhibit significant helplessness effects. As there are two faces for everything around us, Type A pattern similarly has positive and negative features in them. While placing people at high risk of heart-related illness and death, it also gives them the drive to do particularly well in certain kinds of tasks (Boyd, 1984)(Taylor, et al., 1984). Study piloted by (Choo, 1986) says that employees with Type A behaviour pattern have higher level organizational dissatisfaction as compared to Type B employees. It also has been studied that Type A people when employed in university faculties, likely to be effective and productive researchers. The superior performance of Type A people appears to be due to their devotion to their work (Byrne & Reinhart, 1989). It is also concluded that employees with Type A behaviour pattern desire to achieve complex goals, which are always out of their reach, so the result is their job dissatisfaction (Rayburn & Rayburn, 1996).

As stated by (Furnham & Linfoot, 1987), the Type A discloses a stronger need than Type Bs to prove them whereas it was confirmed that Type A individuals show higher actual-ideal self-discrepancy scores than Type B individuals when asked to rate themselves and their ideal selves on a list of forty trait like adjectives (Henley & Furnham, 1989). (Pandit, 2012) says that individuals possessing Type B personality do not get irritated or angry easily; they are very calm as compared to their highly strung counterparts i.e. Type A, they are not obsessively competitive and their competitiveness is often productive. Individuals of B type personality tend to plan things in advance before executing them. They rarely complain. They do not obsessively wish to lead the group or be in control of all the situations.Individuals fitting to Type B personality are tolerant and flexible. On the other hand, people belonging to this type may also be criticized for not following time schedule. They often tend to procrastinate things and do their work at the last moment. Even then, they do not get stressed.

To strengthen the evidences in the literature review, the present study focused on to measure the Type A/B Behavioural Patterns.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Objectives of Study:

To study the Type A Type B Personality Behavioral Patterns of Working Women.

Sample Design:

The present study has been conducted on 200 working women either married or unmarried ranging from 23 years to 50 years of age working in various departments of higher education institutes (Refer Appendix A). They were asked to complete the questionnaires with truthfulness and were guaranteed of the confidentiality of the information required from them.

Instrument:

Personal Information Sheet: A personal information sheet comprised of name (optional), age, sex, occupation, experience (in years), salary and working hours was given to various female employees and asked to share their views.

Type A/B Behavioral Pattern Scale: To measure Type A and Type B Personality (Dhar & Jain, 2001) test was used. It contained two parts named as Part – I containing seventeen questions and Part – II containing sixteen questions having their answers on a five point rating scale ranging between strongly agree to strongly disagree. For Part - I all the seventeen questions were summed up to six factors which were identified by factor analysis. These six factors demonstrating Type A behavioral pattern are Tenseness, Impatience, Restlessness, Achievement, Domineering and Workaholic. The same process was followed for Part – II and factors that come out to be standing as Type B Behavioral Pattern factors are Complacent, Easygoing, Non-Assertive, Relaxed and Patience. Scores for Part – I and Part – II are calculated individually and individuals with very high score on Part – I are considered as Type A personalities and individuals having very high scores on Part – II are considered as Type B personalities. Upon analyzing completely filled up questionnaires, we found that there were 112 individuals possessing Type A personality and 77 individuals possessing Type B personalities also for 11 respondents, the total score for all the factors of Type A and Type B personalities came identical, therefore we rejected those responses and our actual sample size turned out to be 189.

Statistical Treatment of Data: The collected data was a subjected to statistical analysis applicable to research objective of the study. Results were analyzed through MS-Excel 2010 Data Analysis Tool pack.

To analyze the Type A Type B Personality Behavioral Patterns of Working Women, Descriptive Statistics was used from the MS-Excel 2010 Data Analysis Tool pack.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Firstly, the six factors for individuals with Type A personality were compared against individuals of Type B. (Refer Appendix B)

Tenseness for Type A against Type B

It is inferred that mean for Type A is significantly higher than that of Type B which clearly supports the theory that Type A individuals feel high tension in comparison to Type B individuals.

Impatience for Type A against Type B

It is validated that mean for Type A is considerably higher than Type B which proves the theory that Type A individuals are restless in their day to day life when compared to Type B individuals.

Restlessness for Type A against Type B

It is verified that mean for Type A personality is though slightly higher than that of Type B but then also it supports theory saying that Type A individuals are impatience in their work and lifestyle when compared to Type B individuals.

Achievement for Type A against Type B

it is indicated that differences in the mean of Type A individuals and Type B individuals is 0.4862 but it validates the theory of indicating Type A individuals working hard for their achievements and “play to win” concept.

Domineering for Type A against Type B

It is inferred that even though the difference in the mean of domineering factor between Type A and Type B individuals is of 0.950487 but it satisfies the theory which says Type A individuals are dominating by nature

Workaholic for Type A against Type B

It is shown that mean for Type A and Type B individuals for workaholic factor is 0.52435 which substantially supports the theory that Type A individuals are workaholic by nature and they like to finish their tasks on or before pre-set deadlines.

Next we compared all five factors for individuals with Type B personality against Type A personality. (Refer Appendix C)

Complacent for Type B against Type A

It can be seen that though the mean for Type B personality showing satisfaction or complacent is just 0.65422 more than that of Type A but still it validate theory that Type B individuals possess more satisfaction than Type A in terms of personal and professional life.

Easy-going for Type B against Type A

Just noticeable difference of mean 0.39448 for easy-going in between Type B and Type A individuals but even then it validates that Type B individuals are easy-going by nature and likes to work on “slow and steady wins the race” concept.

Non-Assertive for Type B against Type A

It is inferred that there is a high significant difference between the mean of non-assertive factor for Type B when compared to Type A. Hence it validates theory that Type B individuals are more non-assertive that Type A.

Relaxed for Type B against Type A

It is indicated that there is a significant difference between relaxed factor for Type B and Type A. The difference in the mean is 0.723215 and it substantially proves that Type B individuals are more relaxed than Type A.

Patience for Type B against Type A

It is inferred that mean for patience in Type B is 1.00406 higher than that of Type A. Hence it clearly depicts that individual with Type B are more patience than Type A which is clearly according to theory

CONCLUSION:

It is seen when Type B factors compared with Type A factor like easy-going and complacent have very low mean difference and it is because that individual with Type A personality could also act as Type B personality in particular conditions but Type B individuals could never act as Type A individuals whatever be the situation. It is also concluded that working women of Type A personality are more goal oriented, workaholic and dominating in comparison to Type B. (Byrne & Reinhart, 1989) similarly said that individuals with Type A personality are more research oriented than Type B.

LIMITATIONS:

The research was trying to enter into a new segment by studying behavioral pattern of working women and this itself turned out to be its biggest limitation as working women were hesitated in sharing their information even after assuring full confidentiality. This research was conducted only in Madhya Pradesh region of India and to get better insights on Type A/B Personality Behavioral Pattern in Working Women of Higher Education Sector, it is suggested that this study should be replicated on a larger scale and even in other sectors as well. Having same score on Type A and Type B scales, reduced the sample size so in order to have better outputs, sample size should be considerably large. Besides, Working Women could also be analyzed for managing their work life balance; managerial effectiveness and psychological well-being therefore future researches are could be done on these attributes.

REFERENCES:

Allport, G. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt.

Allport, G. (n.d.). What is Personality? Retrieved July 16, 2014, from http://www.intropsych.com/ch11_personality/what_is_personality.html

Boyd, D. (1984). Type A Behaviour, Financial Performance and Organizational Growth in Small Business Firms. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 137-140.

Burson, B., and Matthews, K. (1981). The Type A coronary prone behaviour pattern and reactions to uncontollable stres. An analysis of performance strategies, affect and attributions during failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 906-918.

Byrne, D., and Reinhart, M. (1989). Work Characteristics, Occupational Achievement and the Type A Behaviour Pattern. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 123-134.

Cattell, R. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.

Choo, F. (1986). Job Stress, Job Performance, and Auditor Personality Characteristics, Auditing. A Journal of Practice and Theory, 5, 17-34.

Dhar, U., and Jain, M. (2001). Type A/B Behavioral Pattern Scale. Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India: Ankur Psychological Agency.

Feist, and Feist. (2009).

Funder, D. (1997).

Furnham, A., and Linfoot, J. (1987). The Type A Behaviour Pattern and need to prove oneself: a correlated study. Current Psychological Reviews and Research, 6, 125-135.

Henley, S., and Furnham, A. (1989). The Type A Behaviour Pattern and Self-Evaluation. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 62, 51-59.

Ivancevich, J., and Matteson, M. (1984). A Type A-B person-work environment interaction model for examining occupational stress and consequences. Human Relations, 37, 491-513.

John, O., Robin, R., and Pervin, L. (2008). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. NY: Guilford.

Kzadin, A. (n.d.). Personality. Retrieved September 3, 2014, from American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/topics/personality/index.aspx

Mayer, J. (2005). Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology (CHOPP). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Pandit, M. (2012, October 5). Type B Personality Traits. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/type-b-personality-traits.html

Rayburn, J., and Rayburn, L. (1996). Relationship between Machiavellianism and Type A Personality and Ethical- Orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1209-1219.

Taylor, M. Susan, Locke, Edvin A., Lee, Cynthia and Gist, et al. (1984). Type A Behaviour and Faculty Research Productivity: What are the mechanism? Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 34, 402-418.

ANNEXURES:

ANNEXURE #1

Factors of Type A personality when compared against Type B Personality Individuals

*Tenseness for Type A*		*Tenseness for Type B*
Mean	13.41071	Mean	10.2987
Standard Error	0.244157	Standard Error	0.302679
Median	14	Median	10
Mode	15	Mode	10
Standard Deviation	2.58392	Standard Deviation	2.656001
Sample Variance	6.676641	Sample Variance	7.05434
Skewness	-0.17169	Skewness	0.793467
Range	11	Range	10

*Impatience for Type A*		*Impatience for Type B*
Mean	8.267857	Mean	7.688312
Standard Error	0.128714	Standard Error	0.166648
Median	8	Median	8
Mode	9	Mode	6
Standard Deviation	1.36218	Standard Deviation	1.462332
Sample Variance	1.855534	Sample Variance	2.138414
Skewness	-0.34716	Skewness	0.148165
Range	4	Range	5

*Restlessness for Type A*		*Restlessness for Type b*
Mean	8.473214	Mean	7.480519
Standard Error	0.144594	Standard Error	0.180765
Median	9	Median	7
Mode	10	Mode	6
Standard Deviation	1.530235	Standard Deviation	1.58621
Sample Variance	2.341618	Sample Variance	2.516063
Skewness	0.205149	Skewness	0.544279
Range	7	Range	9

*Achievement for Type A*		*Achievement for Type B*
Mean	11.1875	Mean	10.7013
Standard Error	0.142674	Standard Error	0.176416
Median	11	Median	11
Mode	12	Mode	9
Standard Deviation	1.509915	Standard Deviation	1.548046
Sample Variance	2.279842	Sample Variance	2.396446
Skewness	-0.14945	Skewness	-0.00634
Range	5	Range	5

*Domineering for Type A*		*Domineering for Type B*
Mean	8.9375	Mean	7.987013
Standard Error	0.161078	Standard Error	0.218343
Median	9	Median	8
Mode	10	Mode	6
Standard Deviation	1.70469	Standard Deviation	1.915955
Sample Variance	2.905968	Sample Variance	3.670882
Skewness	-0.47864	Skewness	-0.09629
Range	6	Range	7

*Workaholic for Type A*		*Workaholic for Type B*
Mean	5.303571	Mean	4.779221
Standard Error	0.131102	Standard Error	0.154255
Median	6	Median	5
Mode	6	Mode	5
Standard Deviation	1.387455	Standard Deviation	1.353586
Sample Variance	1.925032	Sample Variance	1.832194
Skewness	-0.37686	Skewness	-0.07595
Range	4	Range	5

ANNEXURE #2

Factors of Type B personality when compared against Type A Personality Individuals

*Complacent for Type A*		*Complacent for Type B*
Mean	10.92208	Mean	10.92208
Standard Error	0.22089	Standard Error	0.22089
Median	11	Median	11
Mode	12	Mode	12
Standard Deviation	1.9383	Standard Deviation	1.9383
Sample Variance	3.757006	Sample Variance	3.757006
Skewness	0.391013	Skewness	0.391013
Range	10	Range	10

*Easy-going for Type A*		*Easy-going for Type B*
Mean	14.51948	Mean	14.125
Standard Error	0.240052	Standard Error	0.192827
Median	15	Median	14
Mode	17	Mode	15
Standard Deviation	2.106446	Standard Deviation	2.04069
Sample Variance	4.437116	Sample Variance	4.164414
Skewness	-0.60463	Skewness	-0.59318
Range	8	Range	9

*Non-Assertive s for Type A*		*Non-Assertive for Type b*
Mean	8.298701	Mean	7.196429
Standard Error	0.256871	Standard Error	0.136513
Median	8	Median	7
Mode	6	Mode	6
Standard Deviation	2.254031	Standard Deviation	1.444713
Sample Variance	5.080656	Sample Variance	2.087194
Skewness	0.90468	Skewness	1.20045
Range	8	Range	6

*Relaxed for Type A*		*Relaxed for Type B*
Mean	9.714286	Mean	8.991071
Standard Error	0.191994	Standard Error	0.148185
Median	10	Median	9
Mode	10	Mode	10
Standard Deviation	1.684739	Standard Deviation	1.568241
Sample Variance	2.838346	Sample Variance	2.459379
Skewness	-0.16189	Skewness	0.214789
Range	6	Range	6

*Patience for Type A*		*Patience for Type B*
Mean	10.44156	Mean	9.4375
Standard Error	0.175862	Standard Error	0.140543
Median	11	Median	9
Mode	12	Mode	9
Standard Deviation	1.543181	Standard Deviation	1.487372
Sample Variance	2.381408	Sample Variance	2.212275
Skewness	0.300035	Skewness	0.600245
Range	7	Range	6

ANNEXURE #3